Author's note: Many of the links to online sources cited in the bibliography and endnotes have very long URLs; to assist the reader and researchers, I've provided some of them below.

2023. African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition, Black Refugees, 1813-1834. Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Alexander, Kathy. 2022. "Legends of Kansas: Cannonball Stage Route." Accessed March 7, 2023.

1780. An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (March 1, 1780). Yale Law School, The Avalon Project. Accessed March 7, 2023.

1889. An Illustrated History of Los Angeles County, California. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Co. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Baldwin, Jr., Samuel C. P. 2015. "Sotterley in Six Parts." Accessed March 7, 2023.

Beasley, Delilah Leontium. 1919. The Negro Trail Blazers of California. Times Mirror Printing and Binding House. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Bennett, Lola. 2002. Knight’s Ferry Bridge. .S. Department of the Interior; HAER CA-314. Accessed March 7, 2023.

n.d. "Black Entrepreneurs in Antebellum America." The Making of African American Identity, Vol. 1, 1500–1865 (National Humanities Center). Accessed March 7, 2023.

2018. "Black Homesteaders in the Great Plains." Accessed March 7, 2023.

November 2, 1815. "Census of refugee households settled at the North West Arm of Halifax harbor." Commissioner of Public Records, Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside, comp. n.d. "California Digital Newspaper Collection." Riverside, California. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Chamberlain, Newell D. 1936. The Call of Gold. Mariposa, California: Gazette Press. Accessed March 7, 2023. .

2023. Civil War in California, The. State of California. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Cobb, Thomas Read Rootes. 1851. A Digest of the Statute Laws of the State of Georgia: In Force Prior to the Session of the General Assembly of 1851. Christy, Kelsea & Burke. Accessed March 7, 2023.

1995. Daughters of Republic of Texas - Volume 1. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Finkleman, Paul. 2006, April 6. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass. USA: Oxford University Press. Accessed March 7, 2023.

1998. "Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period." Library of Congress. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Greenwood, Grace, and Sara Jane aka Lippincott. 1873. New Life in New Lands: Notes of Travel. New York: J. B. Ford & Company. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Johnson, Susan Lee. 1999. "Domestic Life in the Diggings—The Southern Mines in the California Gold Rush." In Over the Edge: Remapping the American West, edited by Valerie J Matsumoto and Blake Allmendinger, 116-117. University of California Press. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Keber, Martha L. 2017. "New Georgia Encyclopedia: French Presence in Georgia." Georgia College and State University. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Lester, John Erastus. 1873. The Yo-Semite, Its History, Its Scenery, Its Development. Digitized by Dan Anderson, March 2006. Providence, RI: Self Published. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Lowe, Gary D, and John Carpenter. 2017. Clark’s Ranch—From Homestead to Big Tree Station. Stanford Digital Library. Accessed March 7, 2023.

May, Robert E. 1987. "Invisible Men: Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War." The Historian, 49:4 463-477. Accessed March 7, 2023.

McGrath, Roger. n.d. "California and the Civil War." Accessed March 7, 2023.

Plante, Trevor K. 2001. "Researching African Americans in the U.S. Army, 1866-1890 - Buffalo Soldiers and Black Infantrymen." Prologue Magazine Vol. 33, No. 1. Accessed March 21, 2023.

1865. Proceedings of the California State Convention of Colored Citizens. San Francisco: The Elevator. Accessed March 7, 2023.

2009. "Slave to Free,” The Making of African American Identity, Vol. 1, 1500–1865." National Humanities Center. Accessed March 7, 2023.

1871. Special Report of the Commissioner of Education on the Condition and Improvement of Public Schools in the District of Columbia: Submitted to the Senate June, L868, and to the House, with Additions, June 13, 1870. U.S. Government Printing Office. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Taylor, Katherine Ames. 1926. Lights and Shadows of Yosemite. Accessed March 21, 2023.

Taylor, Mrs. H. J. 1936. Yosemite Indians and Other Sketches. San Francisco: Johnck & Seeger. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Thomas, Joe. 2019. A Synopsis of the History of Moreland Township and Willow Grove. Upper Moreland Historical Association. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Turner, Geneva C. 1959. "For Whom Is Your School Named." Negro History Bulletin 22, no. 5. Accessed March 7, 2023.

2012. War of 1812 Claimant, St. Mary's County, Maryland, 1828. Biography: John R. Plater (b. 1767 - d. 1832). Archives of Maryland (Biographical Series). Accessed March 7, 2023.

2012. War of 1812 Refugee, St. Mary's County, Maryland, 1814. Biography: Lewis Munroe. Archives of Maryland (Biographical Series). Accessed March 7, 2023.
Woodson, Carter Godwin, and Rayford Whittingham Logan, . 1918. The Journal of Negro History. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. Accessed March 7, 2023.

Zelinsky, Wilbur. 1950. The Population Geography of the Free Negro in Ante-Bellum America, Population Studies, Vol. 3, No. 4. Population Investigation Committee. Accessed March 21, 2023.

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